1.0 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Water is a chemical compound with the chemical
formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen
atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at standard ambient
temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on earth with its solid state
ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam).
Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near
hydrophilic surfaces. Water covers 71% of the earth’s surfaces and is vital for
all known forms of life. On earth’s surface 96.5%of the planet’s water is found
in oceans, 1.7% in ground water, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica
and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and o.oo1% in the
air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in
air) and precipitation. Only 2.5% of the earths water ground water. Less than
0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even
smaller amount of the earth’s fresh water (0.003%) is contained within
biological bodies and manufacture products.
Water
on earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transportation
(evapotranspiration) condensation, precipitation, run off, usually reaching the
sea. Traporarion and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.
1.1 PROPERTIES OF WATER
THE
MAJOR CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER.
– Water
is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is tasteless and odorless.
The intrinsic colour of water and ice is a very slight blue hue, although both
appear colorless in small quantities.
– Water
is transparent in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. Thus aquatic plants can
live in water because sunlight can reach them. Infrared light is strongly
absorbed by the hydrogen – oxygen or OH bonds.
– Water
is a good polar solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent.
Substances that dissolve in water, e.g. salts, sugars, acids, alkalis and some
gases especially oxygen, carbon dioxide (carbonation) are known as hydrophilic
(water fearing) substance.
– Most
of the major components in cells (proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are also
dissolved in water.
– Pure
water has a low electrical conductivity, but this increase we with the
dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as sodium chloride.
– The
boiling point of water (and all other liquids) is dependent on the barometric
pressure. For example, on the top of Mt. Everest water boil at 680c (154 o f)
compared to 100oc (212) at sea level. Conversely, water deep in the ocean near
geothermal vents can reach temperature of hundreds of degrees and remain liquid
At 4181.3J (kg.k), water has a high specific heat
capacity, as well as a high heat of vaporization (40.65KJ. mol-1).
Both of its molecules. These two unusual properties allow water to moderate
earth’s climate by buffering large fluctuation in temperature
– The
density of liquid water is 1,000 kg/m3 (62.43 1b/cu ft) at 4oc.
– Water forms an zoetrope with many other
solvents.
– Water
can be split by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen.
– As
an oxide of hydrogen, water is formed when hydrogen or hydrogen – containing
compound burns or react with oxygen or oxygen containing compounds
1.2 SOURCES OF WATER
Rain water, oceans, river, lakes, streams, ponds,
and spring are natural sources of water.
Rain water:
Rain water collects on the earth in the form of surface water and underground
water.
Surface
water: Water present on the surface of the earth in the form of oceans, rivers
and lakes comes from rain and streams are called surface water. The water in
rivers and lakes comes from rain and melting of snow on mountains. Rivers flow
into the sea.
Underground water:
Some of the rainwater seeps through the soil on the nonporous rocks. Sometimes
due to high pressure this water sprouts out in the form of springs. It can be
obtained by digging wells, sinking tubes well e.t.c.
5. Cooking:
Water can be used to cook different types of foods.
INDUSTRIAL USES
1. Water is used in power
generation: Hydroelectricity is electricity
obtained from hydro power. Hydroelectric power comes from water driving a water
turbine connected to a generator.
2. Food processing:
Water plays many critical roles within the field of food science. It is
important for a food scientist to understand the roles that water plays within
food processing to ensure the success of their product.
3. Chemical uses:
water is widely used in chemical reactions as a solvent or reactant and less
commonly as a solute or catalyst. In inorganic reactions, it is not usually
used as a reaction solvent, because it does not dissolve the reactants well and
is amphetamine (acid and base) and nucleophilic.
4. Heat exchange:
water and steam are used as heat transfer fluids in diverse heat exchange
systems, due to its availability and high heat capacity, both as a coolant and
for heating. In the nuclear power industry, water can also be used as a neutron
moderator.
5. Fire extinction:
water has a high heat of vaporization and is relatively inert, which makes it a
good fire extinguishing fluid. The evaporation of water carries heat away from
the fire. Use of water in fire fighting should also take into account the
hazards of a stream explosion, which may occur when water is used on very hot
fires in confined spaces.
1.5 PROPERTIES OF WELL WATER
Composition:
the geological nature of the soil determines the chemical composition of the
ground water. Water is constantly in contact with the ground in which it
stagnates or circulates. So equilibrium develops between the compositions of
the soil and that of the water, i.e. water that circulates in sandy or granitic
substratum is acidic and has a few mineral water that circulates in limestone
contains bicarbonates alkalinity.
1.3 TYPES OF WATER
1. Hard water: This is saturated with
calcium, iron, magnesium and many other inorganic minerals, All water in lakes,
river on the ground, in deep wells, is classified as hard water.
2. Boiled
helps remove some of the germs, but concentrates the inorganic minerals
3. Raw water: This as not been boiling.
Raw water maybe hard (as calcium hardened water)or soft as rain water. It
contains millions of germs and viruses. some of these viruses. Some of these
viruses and bacteria may adversely affect the thyroid gland, the liver and
other vital body organs.
4. Rain water: This has been condensed
from the clouds. The first drop is distilled water. But when it falls as rain,
it picks up germs, dust, smoke, minerals, strontium 90, lead and many other
atmospheric chemicals.
5. Snow water: this is frozen rain;
freezing does not eliminate any germs. All snow and you will find it saturated
with dirt, inorganic minerals, germs and viruses.
6. Filtered water: This water has passed
through a fine strainer, called a filter. Some calcium and other solid
substances are kept in the filter; there is no filter made which can prevent
germs from passing through its fine meshes.
7. Soft water: This is a soft in
comparison which water which is harder. It may contain many trace minerals and
chemicals, viruses and bacterial.
8. Reverse Osmosis: This is a system of
water purification which allows pre-filtered water to be forced through a
semi-permeable membrane to separate impurities from our drinking water.
9. De-ionized water: A process of exchanging
may “hard” ions for “soft” the total icons are still present. The end result is
the same. But water has the appearance of being distilled.
10. Distilled water: This is water that has
first been turned into stream so that all of its impurities are left behind
1.4 USES
OF WATER
DOMESTIC USES
1. For Agricultural purpose: The most important use of water in
agriculture is for irrigation which is a key component to produce enough food.
2. for drinking: The human
body contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size. To function
properly, the body requires between one and seven liters of water per day to
avoid dehydration, the precise amount depends on the level of activity,
temperature, humidity, and other factors. Most of this is ingested through
foods or beverages other than drinking straight water.
3. Washing: The propensity of water to
form solutions and emulsions is useful in various washing processes. Many industrial
processes rely on reactions using chemicals dissolved in water, suspension of
solids in water slurries or using water to dissolve and extract substances. Washing
is also an important component of several aspects of personal body hygiene.
4. Transportation: The use of water for
transportation of materials through rivers and canals as well as the international
shipping lanes is an important part of the world economy.
Movement:
ground water is in constant motion, although the rate at which it moves is
generally slower than it would move in a stream because it must pass through
the intricate passage ways between free spaces in the rocks.
Discharges and
velocity: the rate at which ground water moves
through the saturated zone depends on the permeability of the rock and the
hydraulic gradient. The hydraulic gradient is defined as the difference in
elevation divided by the distance between two points on the water table.
1.6 LITERATURE PERVEIW OF WATER ANALYSIS
According to E.O Akindele and I.F Adeniyi, study of
the physical chemical water quality, hydrology and zooplankton fauna of Opa
reservoir catchments area, Ile-Ife, Nigeria on may 2013 reported that air
temperature ranged from 25.0 to 36.0oc, while water temperature from 52.0 to 874.3
pt. co and 8.8 to 355.0 pt. co respectively.
For the general chemical characteristic of water
quality; it PH range from 7 to 210 my caco3l-1 solids ranged from 40 to 300mg l-1
respectively, while total dissolved solids ranged from 40 to 300
For major ions, calcium and magnesium ranged from
2.4 to 34.8 mg l-I and 0.5 to 27.5 mg l-I respectively. Sodium ranged from 5.62
to 11.45mgl-1 Also
According to MR. Mahananda .et.al, study on the
plays co-chemical analysis of surface and groundwater of bargain district of
dug well ranged from a minimum of 26.02 + 0.33oc to a maximum of 28.48 +
0.05oc/ while PH of dug well water ranged from a minimum of 6.72+0.68 to a
maximum of 7.55+0.50 respectively. Total dissolved sound (TDs) of dug well
water ranged from a minimum of 100.91+12.14mg/lit to a maximum of
120.78+0.40mg/lit, Alkalinity of dug well water ranged from a minimum of
11.75+1.96mg/lit respectively. While dissolve oxygen (DO) of dug well water
ranged from a minimum of 4.8+0.7mg/lit to a maximum of 6.30+0.17mg/lit, while
for bore well water ranged from a minimum of 6.30+0.17mg/lit, while to a maximum
of 5.74+0.52mg/lit
For major ion, Nitrate, the variation in nitrate
content dug well water ranged from a minimum of 1.14+0.73mg/lit to a maximum of
6.65+0.53mig/lit chloride content of drug well water and bore well water. The
chloride of dug well water ranges from a minimum of 1.99± 0.73mg/lit to maximum
of 3.3± 0.81mg/lit. The chloride content for bore well water ranged from
minimum of 1.49± 0.34mg/lit to a maximum of
3.66± 0.36mg.lit, sodium content of drug well range from a minimum of
0.88± 0.02mg/lit to maximum of 2.0± 0.19mg/lit. While sodium content of bore
well ranged from a minimum of 0.85± 0.07mg/lit to a maximum of 2.43±
0.47mg/lit.
According to I.C Akan, et.al study on physicochemical
determination of pollutants in water and vegetable samples along the Jakara
waste water channel Kano metropolis, Kano state, Nigeria in the year 2008,
reported that levels of PH varied between 9.94± 1.32 and 8.94± 2.03 for point
N1 and N2, and 10.34± 1.43 to 9.54± 0.54 for point N3 in the waste
respectively.
1.7 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
AIMS
1. To
develop an integrated portable water system, using existing technology to
effectively treat and store water from than one source.
2. To
develop a method of allowing NGO’s to accurately make problems in water
treatment to this correct solution.
3. To
present improve ways in which this technology can be replicated.
OBJECTIVES
1. Research
the system currently used b NGO’s and identifies ways in which they could be
combined to produce a more effective solution.
2. Analysis
the adjusted system which regard to cost, efficiency and social implications.
3. Criticize
the technical design manuals currently used by NGO’s and suggest options for
improvement.
4. Identify
areas of expertise required to install on intermediate portable water system through
experiments with volunteers of various technical experiments with volunteers of
various technical ability.
5. Explore
the possibility of developing a selection tool that will allow the user to
refine decision of a water supply on treatment solution.
1.8 JUSTIFICATION
1. For
state authorization require for use of sovereign submerge lands, wetland and
other surface waters owned by the state. This includes activities such a dredging
and filling and the construction of docks piers, and sea walls.
2. Program
oversea reclamation of mined lands and regulates facility discharges.
3. Water
management district also conduct water resources management related activities.
4. The program performs activities that
protect and restore Florida beaches: the department is responsible for
implementing several activities intended to protect and restore Florida’s
beaches which are one of the state’s most valuable resources.