CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.8 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION
2.1.1 CONCEPT OF TOURISM
2.1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN NIGERIA
2.1.3 TOURISM PLANNING
2.1.4 ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF TOURISM TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
2.1.5 SOCIAL CONTRIBUTION OF TOURISM TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
2.1.6 NIGERIA’S TOURISM POTENTIALS
2.1.7 COASTAL TOURISM IN NIGERIA
2.1.8 PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF TOURISM IN NIGERIA
2.2 EMPERICAL FRAMEWORK
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.2 AREA OF STUDY
3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
3.4 RESEARCH SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
3.5 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
3.6 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
3.7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
REFRENCE
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Tourism is one of the leading and lucrative industries in the world today that serves as a source of income generation. As one of the fastest growing industry in the world, its recreational activity contributes to a better understanding of places, people and their cultures. According to Omeje (2006), tourism is a social phenomenon which is likened to the art or practice of travelling temporarily out of one’s place of abode. Likewise, United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2008) stated that tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places for personal or business purposes.
For Akam and Bassey (2014), tourism is influenced by tourism potentials which are those extraordinary natural, cultural, art and other resources in a particular place, or country serving as attraction, interesting and appealing to the sight and auditory organs of human beings. Tourism, they say, lies in the beauty of nature and man-made tourism potentials which indeed are endless, as it is instinctive to human beings to appreciate the nature like landscape, lakes, mountains or hills, rivers, rocks, waterfalls, caves, monoliths, wildlife, among others. Man-made tourism potential includes extraordinary art and architectural works, museum materials, archeological and cultural sites (Akam & Bassey, 2014). Thus, natural scenery, favorable weather, climate and cultural heritage of these tourist centers attract dividends for the development of host communities where tourist sites are located. According to Agcas (2013), tourism has been identified globally as a very potent instrument for executing meaningful community development projects such as poverty alleviation initiatives and rural emancipation due to its numerous economic benefits such as the huge money realized from tourism activities. Tourism activities include, entertainment and recreational site, travel agencies, hotels, car rentals and others. Omeje (2006) noted that the Gross Domestic Product-GDP from tourism has been argued to be above that of the petroleum sector because it was observed that about 11 percent of World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and about 10 percent of global employment of 212 million people world-wide and its total turnover volume is around US$3.4 billion, which represents 5.5% of the global GNP. Nations received about 154 million tourist arrivals, which represents approximately 25% of the international travel traffic and about 24% or US$109 billion, of the total hard currency income. There may have been marked improvement over the years.
The community a tourist visits is often termed the host community. Cook, Yale and Marqua (2006) defined the host community as towns or cities that welcome visitors and provide them with the desired services. Smith (2001) also defined host communities as people who live in the vicinity of the tourist attraction and are either directly or indirectly involved with, and / or affected by the tourism activities. Tourism involves some elements of interaction between the tourist and the destination environment. The consequences of these interactions are often referred to as the „impacts of tourism‟. Most people think of tourism in terms of economic impacts, jobs and taxes. However, Kreag (2001) rightly pointed out that the range of impacts from tourism is broad and often influences areas beyond those commonly associated with tourism. Leaders as well as residents who understand the potential impacts of tourism can integrate this industry into their community in the most positive way. The impacts of tourism can be sorted into several categories, the most common ones are; economic, environmental and socio-cultural impacts (Cook, Yale and Marqua, 2006). Each of these categories includes positive and negative impacts. Community and tourism developers must balance the opportunities and concerns of all stakeholders by working against conditions where positive impacts benefit one part of the community (geographic or social) and the negative impacts hurt another (Kreag, 2001). The dense forest of the Osun-Oshogbo Sacred Grove, on the outskirts of Oshogbo, is one of the last remnants of primary high forest in southern Nigeria. It is regarded as the abode of Osun, the goddess of fertility, or the waters of life, one of the pantheons of Yoruba gods. Through the forest meanders the river Osun, and set within the forest sanctuary are Shrines, Sculptures and Art-works erected in honour of Osun and other Yoruba deities, many created in the past forty years by Suzanne Wenger and fellow New Sacred Art artists. The grove was recognised by United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation as a world heritage site in 2005. Owing to the high level of income generated through tourism business, more attention has been given to the economic impact of tourism leaving the socio-cultural impacts that are also important aspects of the effects which are capable of sustaining or destroying tourism development. Tourism being an activity that involves the interaction of tourists and the hosts has impacts on the socio-cultural environment of the host communities. Since tourism has environment as the bed-rock for its development, environment in this context are the natural and cultural environment and being an activity that involves the interaction of the tourist with the cultural and natural environment, these interactions have impacts on the social life of the host communities. There should be a check on tourism development as it affects the social and cultural lives of the host community for sustainability to be achieved.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the fact that tourism is important to any nation, the problems associated with coastal tourism are quite enormous. For example Osun state, being one of the most respected state in the Yoruba land, has attracted millions of people to the area for business, leisure and other purposes. This resulted in the state being over congested during the holidays. The infrastructural facilities such as good road network and parking space are not enough to meet the demand tourist. The problem of pollution is one of the vital issues in contention. The solid waste disposal by the residents and visitors has posed a potential environmental problem in the area and also made the coastal region unattractive. Flooding is also a major problem in Nigeria. Though this problem rarely occurs, it is one of the problems that discourage tourist in Nigeria. Finally, the political will on the side of the government is not appreciable. Government is not paying adequate attention to coastal tourism and this constitutes a major setback to the development of tourism along in Osun state.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The main objectives of this study is to find out the impact of tourism on community wellbeing in Nigeria; specifically the study intends to
1. Find out the impact of tourism and on economic growth and development in Nigeria
2. Analyze the impact of tourism on community wellbeing in Nigeria
3. To identify the problems and challenges of tourism in Nigeria
4. To examine the necessary factors needed for the development and sustenance of tourism industry in Nigeria.
5. To suggest ways of improving tourism in Nigeria
1.4 Research Question
1. What is the impact of tourism and on economic growth and development in Nigeria?
2. Is there any impact of tourism on community wellbeing in Nigeria?
3. What are the problems and challenges of tourism in Nigeria?
4. What are necessary factors needed for the development and sustenance of tourism industry in Nigeria?
5. How can tourism be improved in Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho: there is no significant impact of tourism on community wellbeing in Nigeria
Hi: there is significant impact of tourism on community wellbeing in Nigeria
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will help in providing necessary information needed for the development and sustainability of tourism industry in Nigeria. It will be of benefit to the investors, the organized private sector, public sector on how to improve tourism sector in Nigeria. Also this research work will serve as a guide for other academic research on tourism in Nigeria
1.7 Scope of the Study
This research w