CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.8 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION
2.1.1 SOCIAL ECONOMIC STATUS
2.1.2 THE CONCEPT OF PARENTAL LEVEL OF INCOME
2.1.3 ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE CONCEPT
2.1.4 INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL EDUCATION AND INCOME LEVEL ON STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE
2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.3 EMPIRICAL REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.2 AREA OF STUDY
3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
3.4 RESEARCH SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
3.5 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
3.6 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
3.7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
REFRENCE
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Even with the fact that the development of any nation depends solely on the quality of education of her citizen, the academic performance of most Nigerian students in secondary schools is decreasing. This however has become a major concern for education stake-holders and researchers. Imogie (2002) drew attention to the public outcries concerning the low quality of education in Nigeria. Ige (2007) confirmed that students who took the Senior School Certificate Examinations in some Nigerian State performed poorly between 2005 and 2007. Ugoji (2008) lamented that students’ academic performance is declining because they are confronted with so many school and non-school related demands and responsibilities. Adeyemi in Abdu-Raheem (2010) agreed that the problem of students’ under-achievement has been an educational issue since the early 80s. Abdu-Raheem (2010) also confirmed through the data collected from Ekiti State Ministry of Education that only 26.9% of students that sat for Junior Secondary School Examinations for five academic sessions in Social Studies passed at credit level. Hassan (1983) examined and listed the causes of poor academic performance among secondary school students. Some of the causes are low intellectual ability, poor study habits, low achievement motivation, lack of vocational goals, low self-confidence, low socio-economic status of the family, poor family structure and anxiety. Different factors such as the child’s intelligence, state of health, motivation, anxiety, availability of suitable learning environment, adequacy of educational infrastructure, may influence students’ academic performance positively or negatively (Eweniyi 2005). They identified low motivational orientation, low self-esteem/self-efficacy, emotional problems, poor study habits, poor teacher consultation and poor interpersonal relationships as some of the causes. Fayemi (2011) also highlighted inadequate funding, poor teaching methodology, infrastructural decay, low morale among the teachers, indiscipline among teachers and students as factors responsible for the students’ failure in national examinations.
According to Muhammed and Muhammed (2010) they are of the opinion that, the responsibility of training a child always lies in the hand of the parents. This is congruent with the common assertion by sociologist that education can be an instrument of cultural change which is being taught from home is relevant in this discuss. It is not out of place to imagine that parental socio-economic background can have possible effects on the academic achievement of children in school. Whatsoever affect the developmental stage of children would possibly affect their education or disposition to it. Parental status is one of such variables. When a woman’s nutritional status improves, so too does the nutrition of her young children “Parents of different occupational classes often have different styles of child rearing, different ways of disciplining their children and different ways of reacting to their children. These differences do not express themselves consistently as expected in the case of every families, rather they influence the average tendencies of families for different occupational classes.” (Rothestein, 2004).
In line with the above assertion, Hill et al. (2004) had also argued that socio-economic status of parents do not only affect the academic performance, but also makes it possible for children from low background to compete with their counterparts from high socio-economic background under the same academic environment. Moreover, Smith, Fagan and Ulvund (2002) had asserted that significant predictor of intellectual performance at age of 8 years included parental socio-economic status (SES). In the same vein, other researchers had posited that parental SES could affect school children as to bring about flexibility to adjustment to the different school schedules (Guerin et al., 2001). The same view is shared by Machebe (2012), in her research, concluded that, parental socio-economic status could influence academic performance of their children at school. In a previous local finding in Nigeria, Oni (2007) and Omoegun (2007) had averred that there is significant difference between the rates of deviant behavior among students from high and low socio-economic statuses, this however prompt the researcher to carry out this research on the effect of socio economic status of the parent on children academic performance.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
So many research has been conducted on the academic performance of students and the factors that influences it, and they concluded that students are failing even in external exams like West African School Certificate (WASCE), National Examination Council (NECO) and Junior Secondary School Certificate (JSSC), Ige (2007) confirmed that students who took the Senior School Certificate Examinations in Ekiti State performed poorly. Ebenuwa-Okoh (2010) and Atanda and Jaiyeoba 2011) noted that one of the main factors responsible for the low performance of students in schools is socio-economic status of parents and. This study therefore attempts to investigate parents’ socio-economic status as contributory factor to students’ poor academic performance in Ekiti State secondary schools.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to find out the effects of socio economic status of parents on the academic performance of students in Ekiti state, specifically the study intends to:
1. Find out the socio economic factors of parents that influence their children academic performance
2. Analyze the influence of socio economic status of the parents on their children academic performance.
3. To investigate other factors that influence performance of secondary school students.
1.4 Research Question
1. What are the socio economic factors of parents that influence their children academic performance?
2. Is there any influence of socio economic status of the parents on their children academic performance?
3. What are the other factors that influence performance of secondary school students?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho: there is no influence of socio economic status of the parents on their children academic performance
Hi: there is no influence of socio economic status of the parents on their children academic performance
1.6 Significance of the Study
The findings will also be of great importance to the federal government and educational administrators to improve the living of its citizens and effective planning for all educational objectives. This research will enable parents at homes to develop the background of their Childs by re-appraise their role in the upbringing of their children in order to help them to increase or improve their academic achievement. It will also enable parents to have an insight into the reasons why their students achieve badly in schools and also to enable the parents to know how to assist both their children and teachers in order to encourage them to stay on and not to relent in their own efforts. Furthermore, this study will also reveal the role of parents in students’ academic achievement with a view to enlighten them on the fact that students’ academic achievement do not depend on fund, teachers, social amenities alone but also on the efforts they made.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This research sought to find out the relationship between social economic status of parents and their children’s academic achievement in Ekiti state, since it will be very difficult to cover the whole of Ekiti state, this research will be conducted in Ado-Ekiti the capital of Ekiti state.
1.8 Delimitation of the Study
Finance for the general research work will be a challenge during the course of study. Correspondents also might not be able to complete or willing to submit the questionnaires given to them.
However, it is believed that these constraints will be worked on by making the best use of the available materials and spending more than the necessary time in the research work. Therefore, it is strongly believed that despite these constraint, its effect on this research report will be minimal, thus, making the objective and significance of the study achievable.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Socio economic: is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual’s or family’s economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation. When analyzing a family’s SES, the household income, earners’ education, and occupation are examined, as well as combined income
Influence: the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behaviour of someone or something, or the effect itself.
Academic performance: the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their short or long-term educati