CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The pyrolysis organic high grade waste appeared
like a more and more attractive way of solve the proliferation of these waste,
especially during 1970-75 years.
Pyrolysis is the transformation of chemical
compounds by heat without intervention of secondary reagents, (like oxygen).
The chemical reactions are complex and transformed the waste into there
fractions: solid, liquid, and cias
The pyrolysis method for recycling used tyros is a
techniques, which heats whole or shredded rubber 13 softened after which the
rubber polymers continuously breakdown into smaller molecules, these small
molecules eventually vaporize and exit from the reactor. These vapors can be
burned directly to produce power or condensed into an only type liquid, general
used as fuel. Some molecules are too small to condense and they remain as
solid. When performed well a tyre pyrolysis process is a very clean operation
and has nearly no emission or waste. The
properties of the gas, liquid and output are determined the type of feed stock
used and the process conditions. For instance, whole types contain fibred and
street. Slurred tyros have most of the steel and sometimes most of the fiber
removed. The steel can be removed from the solid stream with magnets from
recycling. The remaining solid materials often referred to as “charcoal”
Pyrolysis can be performed at relatively small
scale and at remove locations which enhance energy density of the biomass
resource and reduce transport and handling costs. Heat transfer is a critical
area in pyrolysis as the pyrolysis process is endothermic and sufficient heat
transfer surface has to be provided to meet process heat needs. Pyrolysis offer
a flexible and attractive way of converting solid biomass into on easily stored
and transported liquid, which can be successfully used for the production of
heat, power and chemicals.
1.2 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of a
condensed substance by heating in the absence of oxygen, and it is most
commonly used for organic materials, called biomasses it occurs at various high
temperatures for different kinds of biomasses. In shorts terms, pyrolysis used
organic material and makes it into usable energy by heating at high temperature
without oxygen.
Pyrolysis of biomasses results in blowhard and
bio-oil. These are both usable energy sources they can be used as safe,
environmental friendly fuel option. Pyrolysis also provides opportunity for the
process of agriculture residence, wood waste and municipal solid waste into
clean energy pyrolysis is often used in the chemical industry. It is used for
example, to provide charcoal and activated carbon to turn waste into safety
disposable substance, and to produce gasoline from hydrocarbon
c2H2,C2H4)
1.3 RATIONES OF
PROJECT
The rationale for undertaking this project is
listed below:
100 % wastage rubber / type recycling is achieved
(no waste left after the process).
v
No soil, water or air pollution (pollution free) is observed during and
after the process
v
Economically valuable products are produced out of waste type (fuel
oil, carbon black and steel).
v
Raw material (waste type) is cheap to collect.
v
Each recycled line of tyre preserve it tones of C02, which is a major
green house gas.
v
The process can be applied to all rubber based material.
v
The system creates an alternate source of energy to replace petroleum
product and natural gas.
v
Provides opportunity government and local administration to deal with
the disposal of waste tyre.
vSocial benefit like the creation of employment and
a healthier environment to live in.
vIt is a worldwide used technology in countries
like India, china, Australia, and USA.
The
table below shows the waste hierarchy in of environment prefence, with waste
disposal been that worst solution. This, waste recycling is found to be more
preferred environmental option than land filling.
OBJECTIVES AIM The
main objective of this project is to reduce the level of stress to the sole
sanitary landfill of Nigeria which has a diminishing life time and also to
reduce the amount of non-biodegradable waste ending in the natural environment
untreated.- Development of pyrolysis process in a
modified environment able to enhance thermal degradation of biomass (steam
pyrolysis)- Development of a hybrid multifunctional
catalyst that would produce deoxygenated liquid product. 1.4.2 AimThe specific aims of the project are:- To
reduce hazards related to the increased disposal of type waste.- To convert waste tyros into useful
products in an environmental friendly manner.- To produce fuel oil, carbon black, steel
and gas (which is re-used in the process).
ReferencePingali,
Kalgan c; Rock straw, David A; Deng,
Shuguang (2005). “Silver Nan particles from ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of
Aqueous silver nitrate.”GD Rai,
Non convectional Energy sources, units energy from biomass.Journal
of Hazardous material 2006 vol. 137No 2. PP1065-1073Lehmann,
Johannes. “Bifocal; the newfrotier” Archived from the original on 2008-06-18.
Retrieved 2008-07-10Gundau,
peter (2007-10-27)” fact sheet peter’s patch” Gar dining Australian. Australian
Broad casting Corporation Retrieved 2008-07-10.