CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.8 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONCEPT OF STREET HAWKING
2.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING STREET HAWKING
2.3 IMPACT OF STREET HAWKING ON SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL WELLBEING OF ADOLESCENTS
2.4 CHILD’S RIGHT AND STREET HAWKING
2.5 DEBATES THAT AFFECT STREET HAWKING CHILDREN
2.6 IMPLICATION OF CHILD WORK ON THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND A NATION
2.7 EFFECT OF STREET HAWKING ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS
2.8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.2 AREA OF STUDY
3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
3.4 RESEARCH SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
3.5 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
3.6 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
3.7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
REFRENCE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The future of any society depends squarely on the development of the children and youth. Proper development which encapsulates relevant and global education is therefore ineluctably tied to sustainable national development. It is therefore unequivocal that child hawkers are most unlikely to contribute significantly to societal development because they lack education hence the interest in this subject matter. Aiyehuro (2009) defines hawking as a system of trading whereby the trader carries his wares about. Street hawking refers to a wandering like movement in which an individual carries his or her goods with a tray on the head or by means of transportation such as wheel barrow, bicycle or trolley in search of customers. This is usually accompanied by at least one form of advertisement – shouting the name of the item on sale, using bell or special mannerism to attract the attention or interest of the public (Anyanwu, 2007). It is a trading activity characterized by movement across street in residential areas in which the hawker aims at selling his goods to any interested buyer. Ezenwa (2011) opines that an adolescent street hawker is a person under the age of 15 years who hawks goods and renders services on the commercial road or street. In modem day Nigeria, child hawkers are faced with a lot of risks. For instance, there are several cases involving young girls as young as ten who are sexually active and who trade in sexual favors for money alongside whatever commodities they are peddling. This scourge is not limited to the female gender alone as male children also fall victims to sexual offenders as well. The consequences of these acts include unwanted pregnancies, illegal and unsafe abortions, sexually transmitted diseases and psychological trauma. (Akigir, 2012). These child hawkers suffer frustration and psycho-social disorientation. The dramatic increase in child labor and street hawking in Nigeria may be attributed to several factors. These factors include the rapid population growth of many less developed countries. High rate of unemployment, inflation low wages and deplorable working condition which have propelled children to engage in street hawking in order to help support their families (Charles and Charles, 2004, Deth, 2007). Ebigbo and Abaja (2003) maintain that street hawking exposes children to sexual abuse and consequently to HIV/AIDS infections. Children who engage in street hawking may indulge in criminal acts like prostitution, armed robbery and pick pocketing (Hubert, 2009; Humphries, 2010). The problems associated with urbanization are human and environmental poverty, declining quality oflife, untapped wealth and human resources. Aderinto (2006) asserts that street trading exposes the operators to various risks and health hazards as most children end up engaging in various economic activities like bus conducting, load carrying, car washing, hawking earlier as a means of survival. In Nigeria, hawkers are seen on the streets of major cities and majority of them are young people mostly teenagers. These children are usually sent out to hawk by their parents or guardians in order to earn money for the family. However, these child hawkers are exposed to certain dangers. In some cases, they are knocked down by reckless drivers. There are cases where some of these children are abducted and used for ritual purposes. Female hawkers are raped by either male customers or strangers. Many of these children do not attend school and even when they do, they have little or no time to work on after school assignment or to rest. Due to the usual high level of trekking involved in hawking activity, risks of road traffic accident, physical exhaustion, sexual harassments such as rape, molestation and different forms of exploitation are believed to be associated with street hawking (Okojie, 2007). Some social and psychological problems are also associated with street hawking. For instance, it exposes the not yet-fully equipped or maturing child hawker to thirst due to sweat and hunger following long trekking but more importantly to undue exposure to strangers including those with ignoble intention (Ezenwa, 2011). Several studies have examined the physical and psychological hazards associated with adolescent street hawkers but one area which has received little attention is the social and physical health factors associated with street hawking. African Network for Prevention and Protection against Child Abuse and Neglect (ANPPCAN, 1993) study on street children in Nigeria shows that hawkers mentioned the following problems like tiredness, hunger, loss of money to criminals, headache, body pains, problems with their masters, lack of school attendance, pains in the eyes, touching of sensitive parts of their bodied especially their breasts and buttocks, heaviness of head and neck, dizziness, etc.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
It is expected for all students to study, do assignments and also rest and prepare for the next day so as to improve in their academic performance. Most students nowadays especially in the south west engage in income generating activities such as selling goods after school hours to contribute to family income. Because of this, the students have their attention divided between academic work and income generating activities. This ugly trend exists at a time academic performance of students is declining. Arising from above the question that rings on most academicians, teachers and researchers is; could this attitude have any effect on the academic performance of the students? This questions however motivates the researcher to carry out this study on the problems of street hawking by children as perceived by teachers.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to find out the perception of teachers on the problems of street hawking by children, specifically the study intends to;
1. Find out the effects of street hawking on the academic performance of students
2. Examine the factors that influence the problem children street hawking
3. Investigate the perception of teachers on the problems of street hawking by children
4. Proffer solution to the problems of street hawking in Nigeria
1.4 Research Question
1. What is the effects of street hawking on the academic performance of students
2. What are the factors that influence the problem children street hawking
3. What is the perception of teachers on the problems of street hawking by children
4. Proffer solution to the problems of street hawking in Nigeria
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho: there is no significance effects of street hawking on the academic performance of students
Hi: there is significance effects of street hawking on the academic performance of students
1.6 Significance of the Study
This research work will be useful in many aspect, first it will open the eyes of parents to the negative effects of hawking, this research will also expose the parents to the risks of letting their children hawk even after school hours. This research will also expose the government to the problems of street hawking and also prompt them to make policy that will put an end to children hawking in Nigeria.
This research will also serve as a guide to other research and a reference point to other researcher who will embark on the same research.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This research will examine literatures and concept on children hawking and the problem attached to it, also this research will also be conducted in Ado-Odo Otta LGA, Ogun state.
1.8 Delimitation of the Study
Finance for the general research work will be a challenge during the course of study. Correspondents also might not be able to complete or willing to submit the questionnaires given to them.
However, it is believed that these constraints will be worked on by making the best use of the available materials and spending more than the necessary time in the research work. Therefore, it is strongly believed that despite these constraint, its effect on this research report will be minimal, thus, making the objective and significance of the study achievable.