PIPE LINES
VANDALISATION: IMPLICATION ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background
of the research
1.2 Statement
of research problem
1.3 Objectives
of the study
1.4 Significance
of the study
1.5 Scope of
the study
1.6 Research question
1.7 Limitation
of the study
1.8 Definition
of terms
Reference
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Source of
literature
2.2 Review of
concept
2.3 Review of
related work
2.4 Empirical
studies
2.5 Summary
of review
Reference
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research
method
3.2 Fact
finding method
3.2 Sources
of Data
3.3 Population
of the study
3.4 Sample
and Sampling
3.5 Research
Instrument
3.6 Method of
Investigation
3.7 Method of
Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation and analysis
4.1 Data presentation and Analysis
4.2 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
Nigerian petroleum industry has been confronted by two sapping challenges over
the years. The challenges relates to the prevalence of militancy and oil
pipeline vandalism in the Niger Delta.
While the former has significantly attenuated in the
aftermath of the Amnesty deal in 2009 (Okoli, 2013), the latter appears to have
escalated both in incidence and impact. According to Ogbeni:
A total of 16,083 pipeline breaks were recorded within
the last 10 years adding that while 398 pipeline breaks representing 2.4
percent were due to ruptures, the activities of unpatriotic vandals accounted
for 15, 685 breaks which translated to about 97.5 percent of the total number
of cases (Ogbeni, 2012, para 8).
Indeed, the incidence of oil pipeline vandalism has
been on the rise in Nigeria. According to the 2013 annual report of the
Nigerian Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (NEITI), Nigeria lost a
total of 10.9 billion US Dollars to oil theft between 2009 and 2011 (NEITI,
2013; Onoja, 2013). This loss adumbrates the significance of vandalism as a
veritable problem in the Nigerian oil industry. The implication of oil pipeline
vandalism vis-a-vis Nigeria’s security has been vividly demonstrated by its
nexus with economic, environmental, and humanitarian losses and consequences
(Onuoha, 2009). In effect, oil pipeline vandalism has been associated with
consequences which hold negative implications for national issue of oil
pipeline vandalism, in spite of its topical relevance, has not received
adequate emphasis in the existing literature. Again, the bulk of the extant
works in the area of inquiry has tended to be merely journalistic, bereft of
analytical rigours and systematization. This has necessitated a systematic
investigation into the problematique. This paper, therefore, an attempt is made
to establish the relationship between oil pipeline vandalism and national
security in Nigeria. The paper posits that oil pipeline vandalism results in
untoward outcomes which threaten Nigeria’s national security.
The discovery of crude oil in commercial quantity in
Oloibiri in 1956 marked the birth of the petroleum industry in Niger. Since
then, the Nigeria economy has been more or less dependent on petroleum. To
facilitate the distribution of crude oil product from the oil rich Nigeria
Delta to other parts of the country, a network of oil pipelines was constructed
to inter-link some states at strategic locations (Onuorah, 2007).
Nigeria has a total pipeline grid of 5001 kilometers.
This consists of 4315 kilometers of multiproduct pipelines and 666 kilometers
of crude oil pipelines. These pipelines transverse the country, forming a
network that inter-connects the 22 petroleum storage depots, the four
refineries at Port-Harcourt (I and II), Kaduna and Warri, the off-shore
terminals at Bonny and, Escravos, and the jelties at Alas Cove,
Calabar, Okirika and Warri (Onuoha, 2007, p.6). This
system of oil pipelines are used to transport crude oil to the refineries in
Port-Harcourt (I and II), Warri and Kaduna, covering a total distance of 719
kilometres. The multi-product pipelines are used to transport products from the
refineries/import receiving jetties to the 22 petroleum storage depots at
various places in the country. The storage infrastructure consisting of 22
loading depots linked by pipeline of various diameters has aggregate installed
capacities of 1,266890 (PMS), 676 400 (DPK), 1007 900 (AGO), and 74 000 (ATK)
m3tonnes (Special Committee on the Review of Petroleum Product s Supply
Distribution- SCRPPSD, 2000, p.10).
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH
The
Nigerian oil Pipeline infrastructure has been subjected to incessant attacks by
vandals over the years. The frequency of such attacks has been rather
disturbing in the recent times. For instance, in 1999 alone, there were a total
of 477 recorded cases of pipeline vandalization in Nigeria (see Tables 2
below).
The incessant occurrence of oil pipeline vandalism in
Nigeria has raised the question as to whether the pipeline networks were laid
in such a manner that forecloses easy vandalization. This is in addition to the
question as to whether the pipelines are policed and protected at all. Indeed,
some safety valves were considered while laying the pipelines. For instance,
the government acquired 3.5 metres wide right of way (ROW) on each side of the
pipelines; also the pipes were buried a miter deep to avoid accidental
contacts, or vandalization. Despite these safety valves, recent experience in
Nigeria has shown that the integrity and safety of these pipelines have been
incessantly compromised because of the activities of vandals and saboteurs. The
vandals fracture the oil pipelines with the criminal intent of obtaining and
appropriating petroleum products for commercial purposes or personal use. The
table below (Table 2) highlights the incidence of oil pipeline vandalization in
Nigeria in 1990s.
Year
Number of Incidents Remarks
1995
7 cases Reported cases only
1996
33 cases Reported cases only
1997
34 cases Reported cases only
1998
57 cases Reported cases only
1999
497 cases Reported cases only
If the figures on table 2 are anything to go by, the
implication is that the incidence of pipeline vandalization has been on
geometrical increase. This trend has got even worse since 2000. Available
statistics show that Port Harcourt, which recorded about 600 pipeline breaks in
2003, had about 1,650 breaks from January to September, 2006. Similarly Warri
axis moved from only 100 pipeline breaks to 600 during the same period
(Amanze–Nwachukwu and Ogbu, 2007, p.14).
Cases of pipeline breaks have also been recorded in
the northern parts of Nigeria, particularly in Kaduna and Gombe State (Onuoha,
2007).
In effect available records clearly indicate that
incidence of oil pipeline vandalism has been on the spiral increase in Nigeria.
The vandals appear to have acquired more criminal discipline, sophistication
and efficiency in perpetrating oil pipeline vandalism with apparent ease and
impunity. So, the incidence has been escalating. A media report by Ogbeni
(2012, para 5) succinctly situates the rising incidence of oil pipeline
vandalism in Nigeria in recent times thus:
Between 2010 and 2012, total of 2,787 lines breaks
were reported on pipelines belonging to the Nigerian National Petroleum
Corporation (NNPC), resulting in a loss of 157.81mt of petroleum products worth
about ₦12.53bilion. Pipeline along the Gombe axis recorded 850 cases and Kaduna
system recorded 571 cases of pipeline vandalism. The pipeline along Warri axis
recorded 548 cases vandalism while Mosimi system pipelines in Lagos recorded
463 cases and Port Harcourt recorded lesser cases of vandalism while mosimi
system pipelines in Lagos recorded 463 cases and porthacort recorded lesser
cases with 336 point vandalized.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The
level at which the Nigerian pipe line are been vandalized and oils are made
away in large quantity, the loose security strength of the country and the
attitude of the country leaders toward this issue. The story of vandalized pipe
lines in Nigeria is becoming concurrent, property are vandalized by the leaders
and no one says nor do anything about it. Is has been the main issues in the
research work, pipe line vandalization.
Overall, oil pipeline vandalism constitutes a
veritable threat to Nigeria’s national security. As it has been observed in the
preceding sections of this writing, the impact and implications of pipeline
vandalism have been critically detrimental to the concerns of public safety and
development in Nigeria. To say the least, therefore, the prevalence of oil
pipeline vandalism in Nigeria over the years has presented the country with
crucial national security challenge.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Due to
the concurrent issues of vandalization in the country, which the leaders of
this country does nothing about it, the researcher seek to bring to the notice
of the country, the citizen of this great country the implication of this
incidence to the economic development of our nation.
Also, the objectives of the researcher in this study
is that at the end of this research work it will help and bring an end to this
issues, as it will educate the masses the importance of securing their property
because this assess are part of the nation’s own which every one of this nation
is part of.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
outcome of this research work will be of beneficial help to the nation as it
will highlight the effect of vandalizing the country property, in this case the
vandalization of pipe line, to the economic development of this country, a
highlight of its set back to the country.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This
research work covers the country Nigeria, o the vandalization of pipe line and
its effects and implication to the country economic development. This work
basically focus on pipe line vandalization.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION
The
researcher formed some research question that will guide her to carry out this
work so as to have a focal point in the study. Which the question are:
1.
What are the reason to oil pipeline vandalism
in the country?
2.
The implication of pipe line vandalization is
drastic to the country economy, what are the possible measure to take so as to
keep secure and guide of this pipe line?
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
During the course of
performing/researching this project work, the researcher encountered a lot of
challenges as well as opposition which ranges from financial constraints, time
factor. This factors in their own ways, slowed down the speedy progress of this
work that resulted to the researcher not being able to finish the research work
on time as is required
Also, within
the area of study the researcher was faced with some other forms of constrains
that contributed to the limitation of this researcher work, like accessibility
to data, information and facts concerning the present study due to some reasons
or the other, some not willing to give out information that it is to be within
the workers.
REFERENCE
1. Alkali, A.R. (2003). International relations and Nigeria
foreign policy (2nd edition). Kaduna: NorthpointPublishers.
2. Googlesearch (2013). “Oil spills in Nigeria”.http://www.legal.com/news.asp%3fmonth%… (retrieved, June
6, 2013).
3. Ilagha,c.(2007).’’Resource control and the Niger Delta
Crisis “M.Sc. Thesis submitted to the Department of Political Science, Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria (January)
4. Lyman, P.M.G (2007). Organized crime (fourth edition).
Prentice-Hall. Person Education, Inc.
5. Mallory’s. (2007). Theories on the continued existence
of organized crime. Sudbury,Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlet Publishers.
6. NEITI (2013). Annual Report of the Nigerian Extractive
Industry Transparency Initiative, NEITI, Nigeria.
7. NNPC (2000).Report of the Special Committee on the
Review of Petroleum Product Supply and Distribution, Nigerian National
Petroleum Corporation.