ABSTRACT
Distillation
unit is the judgment used for the separation of liquid mixture depending on the
volatility of the component. It has the top section and bottom section. In the
top section this is where more volatile component goes and the bottom section
is where the divider or less volatile component are continued therefore when
feed are introduced into the column the vapour flows up the column and liquid
counter currently down into the column the vapour on plate. Liquid reaching the
bottom of the column is partially in a heated recoiled to prove boil up which
is sent back to the column. The reminder of the bottom liquid is withdrawn as
bottom product.The vapour reaching the top of the column is cooled by condenser
and to liquid is returned to the column as reflux to provide liquid over flow
the remainder of the overhead stream is withdrawn as distillate or overhead.
The overall separation achieved between the distillate and the bottom depends
familiarly on the relative volatility of the components. The greater the
relative volatility the easier separation.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problems
1.3 Aims/Purpose of the study
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the study
1.5 Method of Research
1.6 Significance of the study
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 The theory of Distillation
2.2.1 Simple Distillation
2.2.2 Fractional
Distillation
2.2.3 Steam Distillation
2.2.4 Vacuum Distillation
2.2.5 Short Path
Distillation
2.3 Distillation Process
2.3.1 Binary Distillation
2.3.2 Multi-component
Distillation
2.3.3 The bath
Distillation Unit
2.4 Importance of Simple Distillation
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Selection of engineering material for construction
3.1 Classification of material for construction
3.2 Effect of Temperature on the mechanical properties
3.3 Corrosion and Erosion resistance
3.4 Economics consideration (cost)
3.5 Contamination
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Fabrication Procedure
4.1 Dimension for the Distillation Unit
4.2 Method of Fabrication
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
Appendix I
Appendix II
Reference
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Hotland etal (1999) that distillation was
one of the mankind earliest form of water treatment and it is still a poplar
treatment solution. throughout the world today Holland etal (1999) said that in
ancient days, the Greece used this process on their slip to convert sea
drinking water. He also went further to say that water was classified for use
in Ranbkiki tea ceremonies.
Holland etal (1999), said that distilled
water was still used as drinking water on ship and in a rid parts of the world,
and to treat water in other areas that was formed by natural and un-natural
contaminants.
Furthermore, distillation was one of the
water treatment technology that must completely reduce the widest range of
drinking water contaminants. He now said that basic process was responsible for
the hydrologic cycle. Holland etal (1999), also said that the sum causes water
to evaporate from surface source such as lakes, oceans and streams. He said
that since distillation was a water purification process that uses a heat source
to vaporize water and separate it from contaminants and other undesirable
elements commonly found in the ground and water. Distillation can be used to
treat uninstalled water until it reaches it’s boiling points and begins to
vaporize.
According to him, water has a lower
boiling point than salt and other material sediments. Holland etal (1999),
throughout his history, people have experience with the use of soar power in
distillation.
Moreso, solar power can be used
effectively for distillation purposes at work, only with relatively small
amount of liquid. He also made mention that home distillation was the best
procedures that is used for household water purification.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
This project work is on the construction
of a distillation unit.
During the fabrication/construction unit,
some problem were accounted thereby causing a hindrance towards enhancing the
successful fabrication of distillation unit.
SOME OF PROBLEMS INCLUDE
1.2.1 Cost
of Purchasing Material: The
material used in this construction of project was much expenses as being
subjected that it should be. However to ensure that the construction was
properly done, we actually meet up to the demand of purchasing it.
1.2.2 The
Proximity of the Market: It
refers to the distance at which the materials are being purchased from the
construction place. The equipment used in producing this was purchased at
Kenyetta market.
1.2.3 Breakedge
During Construction: Much
care are being taken to ensure that there is no breakeage of act parts of the
equipment.
1.3 AIMS/PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The aim was to construct a distillation
cluit that will be used for purifying products or recovering. solvents or
separating of valuable reactants from waste steams.
The aim was also to support decision
during design phase and optimize the process variable inorder to operate a
process to improve economics along with satisfaction of the environment
objectives. It aids helmans the proper way to distill their unfractional water,
and it’s the best method of water purification.
1.4 SCOPE
AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.4.12 SCOPE
OF THE STUDY: On this work cover the construction of a
suitable distillation unit.
1.4.2 LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY DELIMITATION TO THE STUDY:
The
following posed include
(a) Funds: This is a major obstruction in the course
of the study, the purchase of materials for the construction, transportation
and carrying out the construction work, required a lot of money in order to
achieve a reasonable result. This was not easy to come by.
(b) Time: Able to some their factors such as lecture
reading, practical study posed to great challenges resulting to limited time
for the construction work.
(c) Electricity: This is required for the construction
process, therefore since electricity supply in Nigeria is usually insufficient.
This poses a very big problem to the progress of the constructional work
(d) Facility
Equipment: The bad state of some of
the equipment causes, some hindrances in performance the construction.
1.5 TYPES
OF DISTILLATION UNIT
1.5.1 FLASH
DISILLATION
This
is the method which was frequently formed or carried out as a continuous
process. Where the feed is passed into the still where liquid is vaporized.
Therefore the vapour remaining in contact with the liquid, where the mixture of
vapour and liquid leave the still and is separated so that the vapour will be
in equilibrium with the liquid. Then all the rectifications distillation is
preferred to others because part of the vapour is condensed and returned as
liquid to the still, while in other methods, all the vapour is either removed
or is condensed as products.
1.5.2 DIFFERENTIAL
DISTILLATION
This is the process by which the vapour
formed by boiling the liquid is removed at once from the system. And since this
vapour is rich in M.V.C than the liquid, if it follows that liquid, the
remaining will move because steadily weaker in this composition with the result
that the composition of the product progressively change the vapour assuring
from different distillation is in equilibrium with the liquid in which it is
used by changed continuously.
1.6 METHOD
OF RESEARCH
Information and materials used for this
research were from chemical engineering text books and other related text books
in the library. There was also research from the internet/interment point out,
and also the was some information’s from chemical engineering journals. The
text books has more of the information’s on the construction of a simple
distillation unit.
Moreso, from the internet, where a clear
diagrams of some tools can be fixed together also, from the chemical
engineering journals, where a clear large information’s where started on how to
carry out a good constructions of a simple distillation units.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
Distillation
is a widely used, separation techniques in the chemical and petroleum industry
and is performed in either tray or parked columns. The set up can be used in
separation of izeotropic mixture using distillation method such as extractive
distillation, Heterogeneous, azeotropic distillation.
This unit is used to determine the number
of theoretical stages offered by the existing column using batch distillation
under total reflux to perform multi-components or extractive distillation in
the laboratory scale parked column. This construction can make one to be self
employed in the society and give one knowledge of the study and even provide
employment for other’s and it can also bust somebody economic base.