TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Justification for the Study
1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Prevalence of PEM
2.2 Assessment of Nutritional Status
2.2.1 Clinical assessment
2.2.2 Anthropometric assessment
2.2.3 Dietary intake assessment
2.2.4 Biochemical assessment
2.3 Classification of PEM
2.3.1 Marasmus
2.3.2 Kwashiorkor
2.3.3 Marasmic-kwashiorkor
2.4 Complications of PEM
2.4.1 Infection
2.4.2 Diarrhoea and dehydration
2.4.3 Heart failure
2.4.4 Hypothermia
2.5 Prevention and Treatment of PEM
2.6 Free Radicals
2.7 Antioxidants
2.7.1 The need for antioxidants defense
2.7.2 Mechanisms of antioxidant functions
2.7.3 Enzymatic antioxidants and their cofactors
2.7.4 Cofactors
2.7.5 Non-enzymatic antioxidants
2.7.6 Oxidative stress
2.8 Roles of Trace Elements in Nutrition
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Study location
3.1.2 Study population
3.1.3 Inclusion criteria for patients
3.1.4 Inclusion criteria for control
3.1.5 Exclusion criteria
3.16 Informed consent
3.1.7 Ethical approval
3.1.8 Sample size determination
3.1.9 Sampling techniques
3.1.10 Blood sample collection
3.1.11 Chemicals
3.1.12 Equipment
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Questionnaire
3.2.2 Measurement of Biochemical Parameters
3.2.2.1 Serum total protein
3.2.2.2 Serum albumin
3.2.2.3 Serum zinc and copper
3.2.2.4 Serum Superoxide Dismutase
3.2.2.5 Serum glutathione peroxidase
3.2.3 Statistical analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1 Characteristics of Study Population
4.2 Feeding Characteristics of PEM Patients
4.3 Serum Biochemical Parameters in PEM Patients
4.4 Serum Total Protein and Albumin Levels in PEM Patients
4.5 Serum concentrations of some Trace Elements in PEM patients
4.6 Serum Levels of some Antioxidants Enzymes in PEM Patients
4.7 Pearson’s Correlation between some Trace Elements and Antioxidant Enzymes in PEM Patients
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Summary
6.2 Conclusion
6.3 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
ABBREVIATIONS
ABUTH Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
BCG Bromocresolgreen
Cu Copper
GPx Glutathione Peroxidase
GSH Reduced Glutathione
GSSG Oxidized Glutathione
ICH Institute of Child Health
n Sample Size
NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (Reduced)
NO Nitric Oxide
NaOH Sodium Hydroxide
O2.- Superoxide Radical
OH Hydroxyl Radical
p p- value
PEM Protein-Energy Malnutrition
R Coefficient of Correlation
RNS Reactive Nitrogen Species
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
SOD Superoxide Dismutase
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
Zn Zinc