CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Port Harcourt is one of the economic capitals of Nigeria with many industries in the country located there. It is also one of the fastest growing cities in Nigeria in terms of development and industrial infrastructure.
The rapid growth and haphazard urbanization have led to an increase in waste generation and environmental pollution. The industrial pollution problems faced by Port Harcourt with a large number of medium and large-scale manufacturing facilities are directly related to the rapid industrial growth and the haphazard industrialization without environmental consideration (Oketola and Osibanjo, 2009a).
Pollution abatement technologies are largely absent and the consequence is a gross pollution of natural resources and environmental media. Since effective environmental protection cannot take place in a data vacuum, Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS), which is a rapid environmental management tool for pollution load assessment, has been employed in this study to estimate industrial pollution loads and to ascertain the agreement between IPPS models and conventional effluent analysis.
It has been recognized that the developing countries lack the necessary information to set priorities, strategies, and action plans on environmental issues. Plant-level monitoring of air, water and toxic emissions is at best imperfect, monitoring equipment is not available and where available is obsolete; data collection and measurement methodology are questionable, and there is usually lack of trained personnel on industrial sites (Oketola and Osibanjo, 2009b; Hettige et al., 1994). In the absence of reliable pollution monitoring data, the World Bank has created a series of datasets that have given the research community the opportunity to better understand levels of pollution in developing countries, and therefore issue policy advice with more clarity (Aguayo et al., 2001). Hence, the World Bank developed the Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS), which is a rapid assessment tool for pollution load estimation towards the development of appropriate policy formulation for industrial pollution control in the developing countries, where insufficient data on industrial pollution proved to be an impediment to setting-up pollution control strategies and prioritization of activities (Faisal, 1991; Arpad et al, 1995).
IPPS is a modeling system, which has been developed to exploit the fact that industrial pollution is heavily affected by the scale of industrial activity, by its sectoral composition, and by the type of process technology used in production. IPPS combines data from industrial activities (such as production and employment) with data on pollution emissions to calculate the pollution intensity factors based on the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) (Hettige et al., 1994). The IPPS has been estimated from massive USA database. This database was created by merging manufacturing census data with USEPA data on air, water, and solid waste emissions. It draws on environmental, economic, and geographic information from about 200,000 US factories. The IPPS covers about 1,500 product categories, all operating technologies, and hundreds of pollutants. It can project air, water, or solid waste emissions, and it incorporates a range of risk factors for human toxic and ecotoxic effects (Hettige et al., 1995).
There are wide ranges of industries and the pollutants introduced largely depends on the type of industry, raw material characteristics, specific process methods, efficacy of facilities, operating techniques, product grades and climatic conditions (Onianwa, 1985). The industrial sectors in Port Harcourt based on the Manufacturer’s Association of Nigeria (M.A.N) grouping are food, beverage and tobacco; textile, wearing apparel; pulp and paper products; chemical and pharmaceutical; wood and wood products; nonmetallic mineral products; basic metal; electrical and electronic; motor vehicle and miscellaneous; and domestic and industrial plastics (M.A.N., 1991). The Chemical and pharmaceutical sector is the most polluting industrial sector out of the ten major sectors based on the final ranking of IPPS pollution loads estimated with respect to employment and total value of output while basic metal, domestic and industrial plastics and textile wearing apparel sectors followed suit (Oketola and Osibanjo, 2009a). The chemical manufacturing facilities in the sector range from paint manufacturing industries, soap and detergents, pharmaceuticals, domestic insecticides and aerosol, petroleum products, toiletries and cosmetics, basic industrial chemicals while the basic metal manufacturing facilities are steel manufacturing, metal fabrication, aluminium extrusion etc.
1.2 Statement of Problem
The magnitude of environmental pollution problem is related to the types and quantity of waste generated by industries and the methods of management of the waste. As indicated earlier, there are many industries in Rivers state with less than 10% having installed treatment facilities (Onyekwelu et al., 2003). Majority of these industries discharge their partially treated or untreated effluents into the environment and the Lagoon has gradually become a sink for pollutants from these industries. Industries utilize water for many purposes; these include processing, washing, cooling, boiler use, flushing sanitary/sewage use and general cleaning. Very large amount of water is required for these activities.
Within a given industrial sector, water use correlates with the size of the industry, and also for predicting the rate of generation of wastewater. Water supply requirements of an industry vary from one sector to another. While some industries may only require smaller volumes for cooling and cleaning (as in metal fabrication, cement bagging, etc), some others due to the nature of their processes may require very large volumes of water. Among such industries are breweries, distilleries and soft drinks manufacturing industries where water forms the bulk of the products themselves as a solution. Total consumption is about 205,000 m3/day, with major users being Breweries, 22%; Textile, 18%; and Industrial chemicals, 16.6% (M.A.N., 2003). Industries utilize a vast array of input in the process of production of goods and services, and generate different forms of waste to varying degrees, which depends on the types and quantity of raw materials inputs, and the process technology employed (Ogungbuyi and Osho, 2005).
1.3 Objectives of the study
This study estimated pollution loads of some industries among the top most polluting sectors in Port Harcourt (i.e., chemical, basic metal, plastics and textile). The selection of the industries was based on data availability and level of cooperation by industries studied. The industries selected are paint manufacturing, industrial gas manufacturing and lubricating oil production under the chemical and pharmaceutical sector while aluminium extrusion, steel manufacturing and glass bottle cap production industries were selected under the basic metal sector. Tyre manufacturing, foam and plastic production; and textile fabric and yarn production industries were selected under the domestic and industrial plastics and textile and wearing apparel sectors, respectively. IPPS pollution loads were estimated with respect to employment and total output, and the results of effluent pollution loads were compared statistically with IPPS pollution loads.