List four modes of transportation (b) Identify four constraints to inland water navigation. (c)…

Explanation

–    silting of river mouths

–    problems of piracy

–    presence of rapids, cataracts, waterfalls/dams

–    fluctuations in the volumes of rivers

–    presence of water weeds e.g. water hyacinth

–    competition with other modes of transport

–    slow speed

–    freezing of rivers and lakes

–    narrow gorges

–    shallow nature of most river valleys

–    non-flexibility

–    presence of dangerous aquatic animals

–    adverse weather conditions

–    limited capital

–    short courses of rivers

–    rivers flowing through areas of limited commercial activities

–    poor maintenance culture

–    low patronage

–    hazards of tree stumps

–    poor navigational aids

–    poor management

The solutions to the constraints are:

–    dredging to increase depth of rivers

–    traffic control on rivers to check piracy

–    channelization to avoid rapids and waterfalls

–    removal of water weeds with herbicides/machines

–    improving the technology of speed boat engines to increase speed

–    dredging of more canals for accessibility

–    policing water ways

–    use of dams and reservoirs to control water levels

–    introduction of comfortable boats

–    use of ice breakers

–    involvement of conservation to control dangerous animals

–    provision of adequate capital

–    construction of canals

–    development of the hinterland

–    cultivation of good maintenance culture

–    enlightenment on the use of inland water ways

–    removal of tree stamps

–    provision of modern navigational aids

–    improved management