ABSTRACT
Next-generation wireless systems are envisioned to
have an IP-based infrastructure with the support of heterogeneous access
technologies. One of the research challenges for next generation all-IP-based
wireless systems is the design of intelligent mobility management techniques
that take advantage of IP-based technologies to achieve global roaming among
various access technologies. Next-generation wireless systems call for the
integration and interoperation of mobility management techniques in
heterogeneous networks. In this article the current state of the art for
mobility management in next generation all-IP-based wireless systems is
presented. The previously proposed solutions based on different layers are
reviewed, and their qualitative comparisons are given. A new wireless network
architecture for mobility management is introduced, and related open research
issues are discussed in detail.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE
STUDY
The
first generation mobile phones which used analog technology were heavy and
their coverage was patchy. Technical innovations in terms of hardware, software
and protocols have contributed to the success of the mobile phones and have
added them new capabilities. The handsets have become smaller and lighter, the
battery life has increased and the reception has improved due to the
improvements in digital technology and better use of the finite spectrum. The
current generation of mobile phones is built using digital technology and they
connect to the internet via the new generation of wireless communications.
Therefore, they provide higher information transfer capability than the earlier
generations (Yesim and Kivanc, 2007).
Due
to the advancement of mobile phones and wireless technologies, data
functionalities (such as the text or multimedia messages, email and streaming
video) are now possible at a variety of broadband speeds, making the popularity
of these media soar. The mobile terminals are developing, getting new features
and enhanced hardware at a fast pace. The new mobile phones are called smart
phones, because their features can be added and modified. Most of these smart
mobile phones are programmable and can run any conceivable application. They
readily support General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Bluetooth, Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS), inbuilt or attachable camera, as well as other
sophisticated applications. The smart phones have high-resolution color display
(176×208 pixels with 4096 colors) and several megabytes of internal memory,
which can be supplemented with memory cards. They are small, light, but
powerful mobile terminals (Tsalgatidou et
al., 2005).
Mass
production has substantially lowered the cost of smart phones on the cellular
phone market making them more affordable to the average consumer. It is
estimated that currently over one half of the world‟s
population own a mobile phone (Winters et al.,
2008). The convergence of multiple technologies including GPS, GIS, mobile
information systems, internet, wireless communications, location identification
and mobile devices has given rise to exciting new types of information
utilities called Location Based Services (LBS). They provide the capability to
find the geographical location of the mobile device and then offer
services based on information of this location (Steiniger et al.,2006).
Location
Based Services (LBS) are especially used in special circumstances such as
driving or walking; thus the user is not piled with large amounts of
information that may distract his/her attention. A mobile environment imposes
strong constraints on the implementation of LBS because mobile devices have
limited memory, low computational power and small screen size with low
resolution, short battery life and uncomfortable input tools that usually do
not allow a user to operate quickly. Besides, mobile networks are characterized
with limited bandwidth, high latency, low connection stability and low
predictable availability (Yesim and Kivanc, 2007).
By taking all these constraints into consideration along with user‟s
high performance and good service demands that conflict with them, an optimal
security application for java-enabled mobile phones has been designed and
implemented in this research.
Location
awareness plays a major role in security enhancement and several applications
have been proposed that rely on knowing or predicting the location of the user.
Several key issues should be addressed when designing location-aware software
applications that require real-time traveler information using GPS-enabled mobile
phones. First, the user experience is severely constrained due to the limited
user interface. To provide an effective user experience, every effort must be
made to design intelligent applications which require user input only
when necessary (Maharj et
al., 2009). Therefore, a predictive mechanism is desired that
will passively monitor traveler‟s transit behavior.
Another
consideration for designing traveler security systems is the underlying
circumstances. In case the user is attacked in a kidnap, which in many cases
the attackers force the user to deviate from his usual route to unusual
destinations, he/she may not be in a position to call the care-givers for help.
Therefore, a system that is automated to immediately inform the care-givers of
any deviations from the route is required.In recent research, route prediction
is being extensively examined for use in the context of mobile and wireless
computing, towards more efficient network and resource management schemes. If
the network can predict where the user is, then considerable bandwidth can be
saved and resources optimizedfor mobility management (Akoush et al.,2006).
In
this work, a GPS-enabled phone has been programmed to periodically obtain
and send its location data to a database server. This allows one to get
real-time information logs about the user‟s
movements. The application focusses on monitoring the user while on transit and
detects any possible deviation from thepre-destined route or speed range. An
alert is send to the required personnel if any of these two aspects is
transgressed.
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION
We
are living in an insecure society where people are in danger from criminal
attacks like kidnaps to internet predators. Systems that can detect situations
where the care-givers attention is required exist in form of domestic fire and
burglar alarms. In the area of security and health care, industry and academia
have actively conducted research using various external sensors such as visual
monitors, motion detectors and proximity sensors. However, these sensors may
not always be available in outdoor activities. An easily portable and a
versatile device like a mobile phone then become handy for enhancing personal
security. The expectation that mobile phone users are able to answer phone
calls most of the time enables one to determine the well-being of another by
simply calling them. However in case of an accident or emergency situation,
conditions may not be favorable for any phone call. This raises a question of
how to increase awareness of our dependents‟
situations in order to provide help when needed.
Mobile
phones equipped with GPS receivers can enable the tracking of one‟s
location. This functionality can be used by individuals to identify where they
are on a map. However, there are a few problems with the existing GPS security
systems. First, the interface for monitoring position requires a lot of user
input and is based on plotting a dot on an electronic map. A moving dot on a
map only shows information about where the user is located but doesn‟t
give detailed information about the type of situation in which he/shemaybe.
Secondly,current GPS systems do not detect any deviations. Guardians are
constantly required to focus their attention on the map and assess the situations
themselves. In this work, the above issues are addressed by developing a system
which can store the user‟s regular routes, monitor him/her
while on transit and alert required personnel if there is deviation from the
expected route or speed range.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.3.1
MAIN OBJECTIVE
To
develop and implement an optimal mobile phone-based security system,
with the ability to locate the user‟s current location,
monitor his/her movements and notify the required personnel in the event of
deviations from the required route and speed range.
1.3.2
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1.
To develop the client-side application using Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME), for
the phone to submit its position data periodically to a database server.
2.
To develop the server-side application, which has a database with tables to
receive and update the phones position data, then store all the users possible
route data and speed limits.
3.
To develop an optimal method for detecting deviations from the pre- determined
route and speed range.
4.
To develop a mechanism for sending an alert to the required personnel in case
of any deviation.